The MiG-21 holds the honor of being the Indian Air Force’s (IAF) first supersonic fighter jet, defending India’s skies for nearly six decades. Inducted in 1963, it was not just a technological milestone but also a symbol of India’s defense strategy and military pride. In this article, we explore the complete story of the MiG-21 — its role in wars, technical features, legendary squadrons, and its emotional farewell. This is a tribute for those who want to understand the IAF’s journey, the legacy of the MiG-21, and its successors.
India’s First Supersonic Soldier
The MiG-21, code-named “Fishbed” by NATO, was developed by the Mikoyan-Gurevich Design Bureau of the Soviet Union. India inducted it in 1963, after the 1962 war with China revealed gaps in aerial defense. It was India’s first aircraft capable of flying at twice the speed of sound. Over 850 MiG-21s were inducted, with most of them built in India by Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL). Often referred to as the “AK-47 of fighter jets,” it was fast, simple, affordable, and reliable — making it perfect for India’s needs. It also cemented the India-Soviet defense partnership.
- Year of induction: 1963
- Purpose: Supersonic speed & air superiority
- Built by: Over 600 aircraft manufactured under license by HAL
Technical Features: The Strength of the MiG-21
Designed to be fast, light, and cost-effective, the MiG-21 was ahead of its time. Here are some of its main specifications:
- Engine: Tumansky R-11 turbojet engine with 6,175 kgf thrust
- Top Speed: 2,230 km/h (Mach 2.05) — over twice the speed of sound
- Range: 1,210 km (with additional fuel tanks)
- Weapons:
- Twin-barrel 23mm cannon
- Air-to-air missiles like R-73, R-77
- Rockets and bombs up to 500 kg
- Avionics (Bison variant): Kopiyo radar, helmet-mounted sight, and modern cockpit
- Strengths & Weaknesses: Compact and fast, but limited range and poor cockpit visibility
This section is especially useful for readers comparing fighter jet technologies or looking into military aviation details.
First Test in Battle: The 1965 War
During the 1965 India-Pakistan war, the MiG-21 was relatively new and used in limited operations like aerial patrols and quick engagements. Its speed challenged Pakistan’s F-86 Sabres and F-104 Starfighters. However, two MiG-21s were destroyed on the ground during a Pakistani airstrike on Pathankot Airbase. Still, it gave India a glimpse into the power of supersonic air combat.
From 1971 to Kargil: MiG-21 in Every Major War
The MiG-21 played a key role in several wars India fought. Some major contributions include:
1971 War (Bangladesh Liberation)
MiG-21s attacked both eastern and western fronts. One of the most famous strikes was led by Wing Commander Bishnoi, where four MiG-21s bombed Dhaka’s Tejgaon airbase, grounding Pakistan’s air operations. The aircraft also shot down multiple enemy jets, including a Starfighter.
Kargil War, 1999
MiG-21s operated alongside Mirage 2000 and MiG-29 to strike enemy positions in the high-altitude conflict. One MiG-21 was shot down by Pakistan during these operations.
Balakot Strike, 2019
Wing Commander Abhinandan Varthaman flew a MiG-21 Bison and shot down a Pakistani F-16 before being captured. Though his jet was lost, his bravery brought the MiG-21 back into the spotlight. These stories appeal to readers interested in India’s military history and aerial warfare.
Operation Sindoor (2025): Fighting Terror Near the Border
In May 2025, tensions rose at the India-Pakistan border following drone and missile attacks on Jammu and Pathankot. MiG-21 Bison jets stationed at the Nal Airbase in Rajasthan were on high alert. While modern systems like the S400 and newer jets did most of the active duty, the MiG-21s demonstrated India’s preparedness and legacy strength.
The ‘Panthers’ Squadron: MiG-21’s Last Stronghold
The 23 Squadron, famously known as the “Panthers,” is the last unit flying the MiG-21 Bison, based at Nal Airbase. This squadron has participated in every major conflict since 1965 — including the 2019 dogfight where Abhinandan made history. The final flight of the MiG-21 will take place on September 19, 2025, in Chandigarh, marking the end of an era.
Life Extension & Upgrades: Keeping the MiG Alive
Originally meant to serve for 20–25 years, its service was extended due to delays in newer aircraft like Tejas. Several upgrades were introduced:
- MiG-21 Bison (1990s): New radar, missiles, and modern cockpit
- Additional Systems: Radar jamming and better avionics
- Challenges: Aging frame, limited spare parts, and maintenance issues
Retirement Ceremony: September 19, 2025 – Chandigarh
A grand farewell will be held at Chandigarh Airbase, where the Panthers Squadron will perform final aerial maneuvers. The event will include air displays and attendance by top defense officials and veterans. It will mark the emotional end of India’s longest-serving fighter jet.
MiG-21’s Legacy: Pride of the Indian Air Force
The Jet brought India into the supersonic era of aerial combat. It helped India win wars, trained generations of pilots, and gave HAL the foundation to manufacture aircraft. Its simple design made it ideal for a developing country — though over 400 accidents earned it the nickname “Flying Coffin.” Despite that, its contributions and sacrifices are unforgettable.
The Future: Who Will Replace the MiG-21?
As the MiG-21 retires, these jets will take its place:
- LCA Tejas Mk1A: Made in India, multi-role fighter with modern radar and weapons
- Rafale: A powerful French aircraft capable of deep-strike missions
- AMCA: India’s upcoming stealth fighter, still under development
Due to delays in Tejas, the MiG-21 had to serve longer. Now, the Air Force is finally stepping into a new era.
MiG-21’s Strategic Significance
- Military Edge: Dominated regional airpower in the 1960s–70s
- Technical Progress: Helped HAL master aircraft production
- Morale: Inspired pride and confidence in pilots and citizens alike
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Conclusion: A Salute to the MiG-21
The Jet was a true warrior of the skies. It protected India’s borders, inspired generations, and served through major turning points in Indian defense history. Its farewell on September 19, 2025, will be a moment of pride and nostalgia. While newer jets like Tejas, Rafale, and AMCA will take over, the story of the MiG-21 will forever shine in India’s aviation legacy.
Why is the MiG-21 being retired?
Its structure is outdated, spare parts are hard to find, and over 400 crashes have caused serious concern. It’s no longer fit for modern warfare.
What comes after it?
Tejas, Rafale, and AMCA will replace it. However, the Air Force currently has just 29 active fighter squadrons — far from ideal.
How long did the MiG-21 fly?
Exact flight hours are unknown, but over six decades, it flew thousands of missions — making it India’s longest-serving combat aircraft.
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